Pie Charts Essay examples -- essays research papers

Pie ChartsAn important part of decision making is having a clear understanding of the information used to stand decisions from. Charts can be valuable when a need to represent numerical data would benefit communicating information visually. Some of the most important aspects of a good chart are to select the right type of chart (or graph) that can best characterize the data, also, to keep the design simple in sanctify for an audience to easily understand the information. One of the most popular types of charts is the pie chart. The pie chart is used to visually represent the proportional value of individual parts to the whole. As the name describes, this is d sensation by representing the numerical equivalence of each part as a piece of the whole pie, which in total equates to 100%. The dad Department of Health (2001) says that pie charts are a good choice when a relatively small amount of parts, perhaps 3 to 7, need to be represented. With any(prenominal) more it becomes diffic ult to nonice the differences in magnitude thus, the pie chart loses its simplicity and impact. They can only be used when a total amount is known, one such example would be an election where the total of votes received by all candidates equals 100% of the votes. Or a budget where the total amount expending is divided in to categories such as labor, facilities costs, advertising, etc which always are a part of the total. However, according to McBride (2003), the pie chart could not be used to show a change in spending through out a period. A pie chart shows data at one instance, like a snapshot and cannot be used to show change in data over time (para. 4). With the advent of computers, 3D graphs hand become somewhat popular, unfortunately a invalidating aspect is that they add complexity to the image and can distort visual proportional value. It is recommended to stick with flat 2D charts (para. 6).Pie charts these days are typically generated by computer software, as a result p eople forget that there is actually a little math involved. To create a pie chart Concordia University (2000) explains that you have to find the total value for the entire category being studied and calculate the percentage for each segment or part. Convert the percentage value for each segment into degrees relative to the 360 degrees in the circle. (For example, 12% X 360 degrees = 43 degrees). Then, Draw a circle and d... ...chart should look like with the exception of one rule, the pieces were not arranged from largest to smallest in a clockwise manner. The sizes are mixed, making less clear the relative proportions of the pieces.Pie charts can be an excellent tool for presenting information in a simple, visual and comprehensible manner. If used in the right situation and best practices are followed, the pie chart may be the tool that most influences a decision.ReferencesPennsylvania Department of Health. (2001). Pie charts and pictographs. Retrieved January 24, 2005 from, http/ /www.health.state.pa.us/hpa/stats/ techassist/piechart.htmConcordia University. (2000). Pie chart. Retrieved January 31, 2005 from, http//web2.concordia.ca/Quality/tools/21piechart.pdfSykes, A., & Smith, B. (1999). Getting started A simple pie chart. Retrieved January 31, 2005 from, http//www.causeway.co.uk/tutorial/rainpro/apl99/dyalog/start.htmHodges, M. (2004). Grandfather economic report series. Retrieved January 31, 2005 from, http//mwhodges.home.att.net/fed_budget.htmPerlman, H. (2003). Where is earths water located? Retrieved January 31, 2005 from, http//ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/earthwherewater.html

The Dehumanization of Gregor in Kafkas Metamorphosis Essay -- Kafka M

The De benignantization of Gregor in The Metamorphosis In the novella The Metamorphosis, by Franz Kafka, the main character Gregor undergoes a physical trans gradation from human to bug. Despite this change in appearance, he maintains his human brain as insect tendencies slowly take over his day to day behavior. He maintains his unconsidered state of mind, memories, and inner dialogue during his exterior transformation. Although he maintains his mental capacities, it is his change in appearance that causes his family to turn against him and eventually kill him. These events show how people potful become dehumanized by society and the government only because of a difference in behavior or appearance. In Gregors case, he is transformed in an extreme manner and only remains human in his thoughts and emotions. He found himself transformed in his bed into a gigantic insect. This extreme form of physical transformation is used to show how even a persons own family can, under certain cond itions, reject, mistreat, and eventually kill because of a change in outward-bound appearance or behavior....

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn :: essays research papers

Rea newss huckaback Finn isnt racialistThe Adventures of Huckleberry FinnThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is not a racist refreshful. This novel has been subject to much controversy about whether or not the book is racist. Whilst many believe the novel to be non racist, there a few raft out there who believe it is. This is just not true. This essay will translate you why this novel is not racist.Huck Finn is the main character in this novel he is an uneducated, uncivilized, backwoods hick. Huck uses the word nigger many times throughout this story. What many people brook not come to gather in is that at this point in time the word nigger was no more offensive then calling another man white. in all slaves in that time were referred to as niggers. At this point in time that word is very hurtful to the black community when used offensively. Huck employ the word only reinforces the idea that he was in fact uneducated and it shows what kind a vocabulary to have expected from a young Confederate boy. In fact if that word wasnt used in the novel it wouldnt be as realistic as it is.The costar of this novel is a blowout slave named Jim. Jim is a caring friend, a devoted husband, and a loving father. Many people believe that Jim is portrayed as silly and uneducated. Those people have failed to realize that this book is written through a childs point of view. Before Huck gets to know Jim for the man he really is this is how Huck perceives him. Although Jim is perceived as stupid its because he is. Jim has probably lived his life as a slave and has a slaves education. This book wasnt written to show how stupid the slaves were, although it somewhat did, but rather to express the situation of slaves being uneducated at the time.The third reason why this is not a racist piece of literature is it shows that there in no racial boundrys in love and compassion for another human being. It shows the development of Huck and Jims father and son type of relationship. This novel concretely shows that relationships of any sort are not bound by race. The novel also shows how ones ideals can transpose in spite of what you have been taught. Huck deciding that he would go to hell to help Jim escape to freedom is probably the most non racist component of the whole novel, and it is what the book is built upon.

Alan Bennetts Talking Heads inspired my initial idea. :: Drama

Alan Bennetts Talking Heads inspired my initial paper.DRAMA PRACTICAL===============Our group comprised of Jennifer Harney, Jamie Hollaway, AntoniaForsyth, Nick Hudson and myself.Alan Bennetts Talking Heads inspired my initial idea. I hadimagined both seats on stage with two people portraying an unusualevent. The other actors would then act out the narrated story. Howeverthis was not met with great enthusiasm and so was immediatelydismissed. Our second idea was more stimulating. We came up with theidea of a failing band who were looking for new talent a la Thecommitment, and were holding auditions. Jenny was immediately interpretedwith the idea and imagined herself portraying the role of director. Wesoon had discussed this idea to death and were no longer inspired byit but dreaded the thought of how we would bring it to the stage..The suppress of the lesson arrived and we realised we had done nothing buttalk and had rubbished all the ideas we had come up with. We repeatedthe secon d lesson in the same way, however it was a small(a) moreproductive. We moved from the idea of a failing band to an actress whowas finding it tough being at the top. However two problems soonemerged. The first was that we were advance up with fantastic ideasthat would obviously only work on film, and not on the stage. Thesecond was the lack of insight and excitement for all the characters,other than the head teacher herself, leaving everyone else feeling worthlessand unimportant the group was starting to split- this was turninginto a disaster. We were able to salvage this by the lifeline providedby Nick. Although his idea as well as contained many problems that needed tobe discussed, we were able to recover the fading spirit of the group.During the third lesson we became worried that we not getting anywherefast, so we decided to dislodge our approach. We remembered that inearlier workshops, when we had been stuck for inspiration, we wrotedown random words and then just improvise d based around the chosenword. The first to be used was squash, after the second attempt I wasreminded of the metaphor When life gives you lemons make lemonade.Although this was a slight deviation from squash, nevertheless thegroup was inspired ands so we spent twenty minutes discussing theidea. We then realised our idea had, once again, dragged us back intothe fatal area of discussion, which we were trying to avoidThe fourth lesson we returned we asked for the help of our teacher(Mrs. Curtis)- we were sensitive of the other groups developments, and

World War II: Pearl Harbor & The Pacific War Essay -- history, world w

Chaos and continual disorder encompassed the people across the globe in the years prior to the declaration of warfare between the Axis and Allied powers in 1939. The Great Depression that had struck soon after the First World warfare left much of the humanity unemployed and desperate for relief. Nationalism swept through Germany in response to the terms of the Versailles Treaty that ended World War I. China and Japan had been at war since Japanese troops invaded Manchuria in 1931. Germany, Italy, and Japan began multiple invasions and occupations of nearby countries. When they received no meaningful consequences for their aggressive actions, they felt emboldened and World War II began. In the midst of war and the growing totalitarian aggression, the unite States passed several Neutrality Acts in an attempt to avoid involvement in some other global war. Efforts to stay isolated from global conflict would snuff it to growing tensions between the main powers resulting in a rather inclusive war. After a vicious attack on their own home front staged by the Japanese, the United States catapulted into World War II. Over the course of the next sixer years the United States engage in continuous bouts with Germany, Japan, and Italy on various fronts in Europe and the Pacific which necessitated a larger fighting force. Men standardised Raymond Barron Chavez courageously served as a naval serviceman during the war. Through his accounts on the Pearl Harbor attack and battles in the Pacific, we learn the first hand enlarge of World War II. World War II reveals that leaving particular issues unresolved in terms of war will most likely lead to another one. The seeds of World War II in Europe began to sprout due to the Treaty of Versailles that ended World War I. A... ...ieved from http//search.proquest.com.ezproxylocal.library.nova.edu/docview/110309756?accountid=6579Bay, M. (Director). (2001). Pearl Harbor Motion picture. United States Touchstone Home Video .Balsa m, M. (Director). (20061970). Tora Tora Tora Motion picture. United StatesTwentieth Century Fox Home Entertainment.Calvocoressi, P., & Wint, G. (1999). The Penguin history of the Second World War. London Penguin.Griffith, S. B. (1963). The battle for Guadalcanal (1st ed.). Philadelphia Lippincott.Leckie, R. (1995). Okinawa the last battle of World War II. New York Viking.Prange, G. W., Goldstein, D. M., & Dillon, K. V. (1988). December 7, 1941 the day the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor. New York McGraw-Hill.Smith, R. A., & Meehl, G. A. (2002). Pacific legacy image and memory from World War II in the Pacific. New York Abbeville Press.

Americans Have the Right to Keep and Bear Arms Essay -- Constitutional

Americans Have the Right to Keep and fag ArmsOur covers as Americans started to take shape when the establishment of the United States was drawn up by the delegates at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia. Three years later, a very important part of American history called the Bill of Rights was added. The Bill of Rights is looked upon and see all day. It gives the citizens of the United States many of the rights and freedoms that we value today, and some of those are in jeopardy. One right that is at stake is our right to bear arms, which is addressed in the minute of arc Amendment. The Second Amendment is a highly debatable topic, and many legal scholars and the Supreme royal court have yet to resolve the issues and controversy dealing with the Amendment. Until a finality can be made, the law will remain as it is currently interpreted. The citizens of the United States of America have the right to keep and bear arms.The controversy intimately the Second Amendment i s derived from how it is worded (Jordan). The debate about the wording can be broken into two different statements. To understand the arguments it is important to know how the Amendment is worded. The Second Amendment states, A come up regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed (qtd. in Anastaplo 61). The first argument is that some people view the Second Amendment as two separate rights. The right of the people to keep and bear arms can be interpreted with the idea that each individual has the right to keep and bear arms whereas, it could be a collective right giving just the members of the Militia the right to have guns (Gold). It is believed that the original meaning of the right to bear arms and the militia in the same Amendment was because in the early times of America the citizens needed weapons to warrantee their freedom and prevent the government from forming a dictatorship (Ede l xi). The second debate is that the Amendment is one statement, therefore meaning that the militia has the right to bear arms. The problem of accord the meaning of the Second Amendment has been brought before many courts all across America and has been ruled upon in different ways at different times. However, the Supreme Court has never declared it illegal to own guns.Over the years, t... ...iminals would be able to get guns illegally if they wanted them (Smith 25). It comes down to the age old saying of guns do not kill people, people kill people. The ability to keep and bear arms is also a right given to the American people by the Bill of Rights and was reinstated when one of the framers, Thomas Jefferson, said, No free man shall ever be debarred the use of arms.Works CitedAnastaplo, George. The Amendments to the Constitution A Commentary. Baltimore John Hopkins UP, 1995.Chidsey, Donald Barr. The Birth of the Constitution An Informed History. New York Crown, 1964.Edel, Wilbur. Gun Control Threat to Liberty or Defense Against Anarchy?. London Praeger, 1995.Gold, Bruce. The 2nd Amendment A Historical Understanding. Keep and Bear Arms.com. 5 April 2004 Hickok, Eugene W., ed. The Bill of Rights Original Meaning and Current Understanding. Charlottesville UP of Virginia, 1991.Jordan, Stan. The Common Sense 2nd Amendment. Keep and Bear Arms.com. 2001. 5 April 2004 Klein, Chuck. What the Second Amendment Says. The Cincinnati Enquirer 28 March 2001 B7. 5 April 2004 Smith, Guy. Gun Facts Version 2.0. 2000. 1 April 2004

La Moulin Galette

Michael Priddy Angela Brasser, Adjunct Professor Art 100 November 8, 2010 Le Moulin De La Galette The year was 1876 when Pierre Augustus Renoir painted his Le Moulin De La Galette this routine of prowess was in the style of impressionism. This was a fairly new art style during these years consequently making it very popular at the time. Renoirs works has endured the test of time with the popularity of his art and is still one of historys more prominent artificers.The painting itself was an pay-air oil portrait on examine that measured 4ft. 3in. X5ft. 8in. the composition of the painting was of a large outdoor gathering of music and dancing which included many of Renoirs friends, including one of his snuggled friends Georges Riviere. The following year while at the third impressionist exhibit of 1877 Riviere described the painting as follows It is a page of history, a odd monument to Parisian life, Done with rigorous exactitude.No one before Renoir had thought of portraying an event in ordinary life on a canvas of such big dimensions (Riviere quote, Sayer 493) The geek of take up generally employed throughout the painting is primarily expressive and flowing, this is generally type of line impressionist used in their paintings. When Renoir painted this portrait his use of line resonatemed to soften the overall look of the painting. While there are areas in the painting where the artists line are more structured and deliberate the overall heart of the painting is that the line is free flowing and expressive.Renoirs use of quadrangle is very precisely controlled by the overlapping of figures in the painting to create the feel of a large outdoor courtyard. While the overlapping of the figures create the feel of an open courtyard, it also portrays at the alike(p) time how completely cramped and crowded the dance area seems to be, this also helps define the space and also creates a feel of movement in the painting. Renoirs scale that he placed on the tab le and the people around it, compared to the dancers in the rest of the painting helped the stunner take in the entire painting and gave it a sense of balance.The colors in the paintings palette were mostly analogous cool colors of different sunglasses of blues and greens. There are other colors used in the painting and these are used in the complementary manner in ordain to intensify each color, there were fewer areas of complementary colors in the painting this was probably done in this manner to keep your eyes press release to different focal points in the painting. Impressionism is a style of painting that uses a command of visible light source and shadows and colors by discontinuous brush strokes to represent the effects of light.It shows that light can be reflected to show color in shadows and not just the brown or black darkness of a shadow that is typically described as a shadow. To many this mastery and skill of using light is one of the most important skills in pain ting. Renoir completely showed his skill of adding light to his portraits by creating a feel of the sun cascading through the canopy of trees in the courtyard. All through the painting the viewer will see small streams of light gently falling onto the people and furnishings in the courtyard.There does seem to be a repeating pattern in the painting especially in the way the same colors are used throughout the painting and how there seems to be certain figures looking directly towards you. By the way Renoir used this type of line orientation also helps in defining the relationship of space by having different figures looking directly at you from different levels in the painting thus creating a feel of spatial depth.The focal point and emphasis of the painting seems to have been placed on the area where the woman is leaning down with her croak placed upon the young girl in the striped dress, the lady is in conversation with one of the young men at the table. The young girl has her he ed focused beyond the scope of the painting possibly watching the band as they play the music that the group is enjoying and dancing too or by chance another activity that has caught her attention.One of the identifiable figures in the painting was of the male who is seated at the table to the far right who seems to be either writing or possibly sketching the lady, who used as the focal point, by the way he is so closely looking at her trying either to take in all she is saying or to study her for his sketch. That male figure in fact is of Georges Riviere the friend of Renoir who was mentioned earlier. The painting has used asymmetrical balance this type of approach differs from symmetrical balance, which is when there are components on each side of the portrait that mirror each other (Sayer 145).Another way Renoir created and shown asymmetrical balance in this portrait was from the larger area of the table and the guests around it and how it compared to the other areas of where th e dancers have gathered. Also the darker and more prominent areas of the painting are balanced by the open area where the sunlight seems to show an area of the ground. By doing this the artist has added the balance of the lightened area to the shaded darker area, and also the area of less activity to area of the dance floor, by doing this you are again drawn back to the focal point of the painting.This analysis has focused on certain parts of Renoirs La Moulin De La Galette, only if a viewer must try to be able see how each of the parts simply compliment each other to completely respect this wonderful art work. People have often stated many times in the past that I dont know art, hardly I know what I like with this attitude a viewer will be able to enjoy this painting immensely, besides when you realize and see the way Renoir used so many artistic tools and techniques to achieve this work of art, then the viewer will be able actually to appreciate this art work.The skill and tho ught that have been used on this painting is obviously evident. Most of Renoirs paintings have a more somber feel and approach, but this painting depicts a fun and lighthearted day that was overly filled with dancing, music and wine that was enjoyed by all in attendance. Total word aim 1103Work cited Sayer, Henry M. The World of Art. Ed. Leah Jewell published by Pearson Education Inc. as Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. Printed text

Understand Employment Responsibilities

201 Understand booking responsibilities and rights in health, social care or childrens and young peoples settings Task A Short exercise Questions Ai Imagine you are a newly appointed supervisor/manager within your service. You need to update your staff handbook to reflect topical employment law. Identify three different sources of instruction you could use to enable you to do this. Once you have identified a reliable source of information Aii a) List three aspects of employment covered by law.Work Conditions (safety, discrimination, accommodation, etc. ) Wages Hours b) List three main features of current employment legislation. Minimum wage cultivation Holiday entitlements Aiii Briefly byline why employment law exists. To protect the employee and the employer Nobody is discriminated racism is non in the transaction place No abuse, providing a safe work environment employee fairness people take overt work below minimum wage zippo is taken advantage of nobody is tricked into unfavourable contracts. Task B Your work roleFor this task you will need the following A copy of your contract of employment or employment agreement. If you dont have a written contract of employment eg if you are employed as a personal assistant, discuss your terms and conditions with your employer and make notes to protagonist you to complete the task Evidence 1 A recent payslip or pay statement Evidence 2 Access to your workplace policies and procedures or notes from a discussion with your employer if you are employed as a personal assistantBi Describe the terms and conditions of your employment as set out in your contract of employment or employment agreement. Bii Describe the information which needs to be shown on your pay slip/statement. Salary before and after deductions Name national amends number national insurance contribution tax contribution PAYE/employee number Biii Identify two changes to personal information which you must account to your employer. intensify o f bank details Change of address Biv Describe the procedure to follow if you wanted to raise a grievance at work.You may describe this in writing or produce a flow chart or diagram. Bv Explain the agreed ways of working with your employer in relation to the following areas 1. selective information protection 2. Grievance 3. Conflict management 4. Anti-discriminatory practice 5. Health & safety 6. Confidentiality 7. Whistle blowing Bvi Explain how your role contributes to the overall delivery of the service provided. Bvii Explain how you could learn the quality of the service provided by a) Following best practice within your work role Doing everything required I. e. raining,Be kind and caring to the residents and providing them with respect and dignity. b) Not carrying out the requirements of your role. By not following the role requirements you will be not doing your job well and following the right procedures and by that you can cause accidents and your not giving your fall atten tion by that people will be neglected and not get the fall care they need. Bviii Describe how your own work must be act upond by National factors such as Codes of Practice, National Occupational Standards, Legislation and Government Initiatives.Bix a) Identify two different representative bodies which influence your area of work. b) Describe the role of the two representative bodies you have identified. Task C Career Pathway Create a career pathway conception for yourself, indicating what opportunities are open to you as you progress in your chosen career. Indicate what you will need to learn or any qualifications you might need to kick upstairs in order to achieve your goals. Identify sources of information to help you achieve your goals. Task D Presentation or reportPrepare a presentation or report on an takings or area of public concern related to the care profession. Your presentation or report should include A description of the issue or area of public concern raised An o utline of the different points of view regarding the issue or area of public concern raised A description of how the issue or area of public concern has modify service provision and methods of working A description of how public opinion is affected by issues and areas of concern in either the health, social care or childrens and young peoples sectors

Crime Fiction Analysis Essay

Paul Darnell is a convicted sex offender who is released from prison and just three months after his release, a young girl is found raped and murdered just around the corner from the ex-cons childhood home. As the investigators discover that his childhood victim area is in the same town as the girl who was raped and killed, they decide to arrest him for questioning and receive a warrant to search his house. They mother a pile of self help DVD cocktail dresss, which in fact hides criminal porn discs in them as a result, Darnell is put on mental test as a suspect to the case.Darnell tries to convince the jury that he has changed and his new found love, Judy, has changed him to make him into a considerate man who can control himself and his urges. Darnell wins the case and pleads not guilty for both the murder and rape of the past -victim girl. The investigators are left furious as a number of instances have seem to of prove Darnells guilt (such(prenominal) as following two girls home from school and his past offences of raping three young teenagers) and not long after Paul pleads guilty, he is found dead in Judys apartment, after he tried to rape her seventeen year old daughter.The daughter shot Paul in the head twice in self-defense, after his wrapped a garbage bag over her head to strike a actualise. How does your source reveal information, ideas and an increased grounds of the issues surrounding your area of study? The area of study, being iniquity, is revealed in different varieties through out this event episode of Law & Order UK. iniquity is a topic that is covered over a number issues such as theft, treason and rape + murder which is covered in this episode. There are many an(prenominal) investigations, such as searching through the suspects house, going to his old neighborhood home etc.Interviews (with the suspect, witnesses, close acquaintances), identification (through photographs of both the victim and suspect) and court hearings (which occ ur quite frequently, which involve as many aspects as possible to help the jury decide whether Paul would be guilty or not) are all part of the tactics that the CSI team all go through to find the right person to fit the crime. According to medicine. com, a crime scene investigation (CSI) is defined as the use of physical evidence at the scene of the crime and the use of deductive and inductive reasoning to gain knowledge of the events surrounding the crime.What are points of comparison between the source and your core text? * Between Law & Order UK and The Big Sleep both analyse teams have tactics in order to find the suspected criminal/s. These are interviewing numerous people, asking around and getting hands on, in in reality getting out into the field and doing work themselves. * Both have similar crimes involved most common being murder. * Both involve a particular male / female role which is being victimised and criminal. Name of the source Gangster Squad Type of source Movi e Area of Study Crime FictionBasic summary of the source content Gangster Squad is a movie set in the late forties based on a true theme set in Los Angeles. Mickey Cohen has become the most powerful figure in Californias criminal underworld, he is ruthless and controlling on both the legal and illegal sides of Los Angeles he is known to have an iron grip over L. A. as nobody is unforced to stand up to him in fear of the threatening gangster crew he carries around him. Until one day, the chief of Police, Chief Parker, has the idea to create a unit specialising in taking Cohen down to keep the city safe.A team is formed around Sargent Omara, who then asks four other practice of law officers and a World War II Veteran to join his gangster squad unit. Another officer (Wooters) is asked to join the force but declines, as he is disillusioned from the war and his time on the police force. Wooters does although keep a close eye on Cohen and in doing so, becomes infatuated with his girlfr iend / etiquette coach. As the team bugs Cohens house and keep a close eye on his surroundings, Cohen finds out in the process, and in result, the veteran is sacrificed.Things heat up and the darn turns into a full throttle war between the two squads after Cohen shoots into OMaras home where his pregnant wife is at the time. most(prenominal) of Cohens team is killed and later on OMara and Cohen go head to head in a boxing match where OMara wins and choen is jailed. How does your source reveal information, ideas and an increased understanding of the issues surrounding your area of study? There are more issues covered in this movie to deal with crime.Things such as blackmail, abduction, attempted rape (at the start of the movie), murder, theft, treason, adultery etc. Although this movie was based on a true story, crime fiction is used for entertainment purposes, which this is played up for that purpose. All of these different crimes make up a greater understanding of what is needed in a crime fiction story (detective, hard-boiled detective, red herring, crime, crime scene), which all relate back to the core text The Big Sleep, as there may be a different story line, the structure and purpose of each story is the same.

A Research on Effects of Alcohol Consumption on Academic Performance

Over the last a couple of(prenominal) days, there has been an increase in the number of high school students who pine away inebriant. ground on a study conducted by Harvard School of Public Health (1999), 44% of the students studied consumed intoxicant and 23% consumed alcohol frequently. alcoholic drink consumers are believably to be conglomerate in some alcohol related problems such as violence, car accidents, being injured and likelihood of losing responsibility in school death penalty. (Pullen, 1994). Alcohol consumption can lead to reduced course of action attendance, poor people performance on tests and projects and in readiness to concentrate on the class work. The research paper thereof would like to find out whether alcohol consumption among high school students has an effect on academic performance.AbstractThis paper discusses the effects of alcohol consumption on academic performance among high school students. The paper aims at finding whether those students w ho consume alcohol perform better than the students who do not consume alcohol and vice versa.Literature reviewAlcohol consumption is among the unhealthy behavior among the high school students that may affect their academic performance. Alcohol consumption is associated with behavioral problems such as poor academic performance.Many researches have been conducted to show the effects of alcohol consumption on academic performance among high school students. (Pullen, 1994).There are no controlled studies on the effects of alcohol on academic performance. This is because it is illegal to provide alcohol to minors. Research done on adults revealed that alcohol consumption disrupts learning on adults and their ability to remember. However, the effects may be for a short period of time and their severity depends on the frequency of the drinking and the amount of alcohol consumed. (Pullen, 1994).In addition the few coefficient of correlation studies that have been conducted to find out t he kind between alcohol consumption and academic performance among the high school students has produced results that are inconsistent. (Pullen, 1994).On one side of a national survey conducted, it revealed that heavy alcohol drinkers had a high likelihood of missing classes, having reduced responsibility on class work and alike having poor performance on the tests done and the class projects than non heavy drinkers of alcohol. Other surveys have also revealed that alcohol consumption led to reduced grades in the class work as the students committed few hours on the class. (Pullen, 1994).On the other hand of the survey which was conducted between 3 different learning institutions, they produced varying results. Two of these studies impute that alcohol consumption and academic performance was as a result of differences among the students.There was a strong correlation of 0.32 of students who involved in alcohol consumption and the succeeding academic performance among the 444 in mid western University. However, this correlation was not significant when controlling for school rank, academic aptitude and other variables. (Pullen, 1994).In the second study, it was revealed that the students involved themselves in heavy drinking but this did not affect the school performance. Centrally, the third study found a negative association between alcohol consumption and poor academic performance among the 754 students in the North Eastern liberal college.TheoryTo show the effects of alcohol consumption on academic performance Grossman model will be employed. This model shows that those individuals who invest less(prenominal) in their previous(predicate) lives health will not be productive and will be less successful than those who invest more in their health lives early in their lives. (Pullen, 1994).Basing this prediction to our study, it could therefore be assumed that those people who consume less alcohol in their early lives will be more productive academically t han those people who consume a lot of alcohol in their early lives. It would be easy to assume that alcohol consumption reduces the students health on a long term basis.A lot of time is disconnected I alcohol consumption that the students only place less time in their academic work. These short term effects of alcohol could lead to poor academic performance, poor health and disruptive social behavior. (Pullen, 1994).It can therefore be concluded that alcohol has negative effects on academic performance. Students who consume alcohol in the evening have high chances of missing classes, spend little time studying, have poor academic grades and are most likely to experience education related stress. (Pullen, 1994).MethodParticipantsThe study will consist 120 students from the high schools in New Orleans. The rank of the students varied from those in the first years to the senior students in the school. The ages of the students ranged between 14 to 20 years. Both male and female student s were included in the study. ProcedureThe study is no experimental in that it uses the correlation design to study the academic performance of the students inn relation to alcohol consumption.The students will sign up for the study or they will be recruited by the researcher when they attend meetings for the various students groups in the schools with the consent of their teachers. Because of issues of privacy, the students will not be required to sign the consent sheet.The students also will place the change questionnaires in envelopes that are unmarked and the researcher will debrief them. The questions from the questionnaires will be coded and then analyzed to find out whether there is any relationship between alcohol consumption and academic performance.

Has the Impact of 9/11 Been Baneful or Beneficial?

2013-02-0108 Bilal Syed Critical Issues in Pakistans foreign policy 13th October 2012 Has the encounter of 9/11 been unhealthful or beneficial to Pakistans surety environment? Analyze. The second year of the new millennium was witness to an event which exponent have perhaps altered the geo-political structure of the world and gave birth to a whole new phenomenon, one, which has been directing foreign policy affairs of the world for roughly a decennium now.This event comprised the four terrorist good times on United States soil, on September the eleventh, 2001, in which hijacked planes crashed into the twin towers of the world trade centre, the Pentagon and one fell pitiful of its target in Shanksfield Pennsylvania. These events gave birth to the struggle on terror, which has non only affected the United States but a lot of former(a) countries as well, especially Pakistan, who had a prominent geo strategic location in the vicinity of the battle grounds for this fight. This w ar has had both positive and negative effects on the security and general stability of Pakistan.This essay will try to discern these effects and establish whether in the ample run, the impact of 9/11 has been baneful or beneficial to Pakistans security environment. Firstly, the positive impacts of the war on terror will be considered. Since the perpetrators of the attacks were considered to be hiding in Afghanstaniistan, all the contact countries in the region became central strategic partners of the United States and its allies. Pakistan, perhaps the most influential since it had a long history of get alonging with the Taliban and had in depth friendship of the terrain and surrounding area.Chairperson, Department of Political Science, the Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Professor Razia Musarrat claims that Pakistans geographical location, its nearness with Afghanistan, its close relations with the Taliban regime, its deep knowledge of the rugged terrain of Afghanistan, and its history of Cold warfare alliance made Pakistan obviously the most important strategic asset for the United States. Pakistan offered its support to the United States including airbases and military intelligence to help eradicate the terrorist elements face in Afghanistan. As a result everyw here(predicate) the years Pakistan has received military ssistance and aid from the United States, helping in brining military and technological advancements to the nation. It is important to note that at the time of these attacks, Pakistan was in isolation at the world stage due to sanctions imposed on it, after it carried out nuclear tests in 1998. India too was facing the same sanctions, but having a stronger economy meant that it managed to survive this dry spell comparatively much easily than Pakistan. Pakistan on the other turn was suffering from the consequences of these sanctions and the war on terror surprisingly came as a relief.Pakistan has been given economic assistance of a lmost ten billion dollars over a period of ten years as its ties with the waste slowly improved. This aid rescued its stagnant economy and ensured that Pakistans economic woes were overcome, a change, very gratifying for the Musharraf regime. Thirdly, post 9/11, southeastern Asia became the centre of the Worlds maintenance. A senior political analyst notes, that with the presence of two nuclear power friends, and an Al-Qaeda-strewn Afghanistan, South Asia assumed a strategic status in American eyes. The rebirth of South Asia prominence was not limited to America, rather for whole the world.There was a long chain of Heads of States, and highest officials visiting the region every alternative twenty-four hours were evidence of long term strategic interests of the US in the region. This new found attention allowed internationally isolated Pakistan and India back into the main stream of world politics and bolstered the image of the country in the eyes of the world, as a nation that was against terrorism. A slightlywhat debateable positive outcome, but one that could be true is that this war against terrorism helped to control the spread of militancy in the country.Former foreign minister of Pakistan, Mr Abdul Sattar argues that, other significant benefit of the post-9/11 policy has been containment of the baneful influence of extremists and militants. Had the war on terror not been targeted against organizations like Al-Qaeda, they might have consolidated their positions in Afghanistan and Pakistan and continued to follow their own agendas. The post 9/11 policy helped to contain this spread of ideology but unfortunately could not rule in it from society completely. Another major impact of the war on terror, it can be argued, is that it led to stability in the region.The main cause of instability in the region over the years has been hostile Pakistan, India relations. Three major wars and count slight other incidents aimed at lowmining the other country, have soured an already messy divorce. The skill of nuclear warheads by both states coupled with the Kashmir issue, have caused this region to become highly volatile. This was also the case post 9/11, when after an attack on the Indian parliament in December of 2001, India mobilized its military forces on a large scale against Pakistan.Pakistan too responded and both armies stood face to face with each other opposite the international borders. There was a very serious threat of an outbreak of nuclear war and alarm bells started ringing in the international arena. eventually it was the presence of the United States in the region which helped diffuse the highly volatile situation. The threat of nuclear war, coupled with the fear that a Pakistan-India war would be disadvantageous to the war on terror, meant that the United Sates put in a full hearted effort to ease tensions.This was eventually the case and stability was brought to the region again. These are some of the positive ou tcomes to the war on terror for Pakistan. But there have been dreadful negative consequences for the country as well. Firstly, just like it can be argued that just like US presence brought stability to the region it also brought a lot of instability. This is evident from the impact of the war on Afghanistan, where Prof. Dr. Razia Musarrat argues, that the Taliban government had been successful to restore a kind of stability in Afghanistan for the first time after a very long period of unrest.America, by ripping to pieces the Taliban regime, at a time again pushed Afghanistan into a new phase of insurgency and civil war. This unstable and troubled situation will not remain confined within the Afghan borders rather will soon spread into the dwelling states. We can see for ourselves that the unrest and turbulence in Afghanistan has leaked out into Pakistan. This has been a cause of great concern for Pakistan, because the Afghani brand of militancy and extremism has seeped in the co untry and has started rearing its ugly head against the state.Secondly, Pakistan had friendly relations with the Taliban prior to the American offensive. So much so that they were considered supporters of the Taliban, a notion which caused concern to other surrounding countries like India. But after the war, the northern alliance came into power and the resulting Afghan government did not have a favourable view of Pakistan. India on the other hand took advantage of this and firmly established itself in Afghanistan. It became the largest regional donor of aid to Afghanistan in the post war period.Strong relations with Afghanistan could very beneficial for Indian foreign policy since Afghanistan shares such a large border with Pakistan. Having strong relations with a hostile neighbours neighbour is a strategically strong move and puts Pakistan in a delicate situation. Also, India could have easy addition to Central Asia via Afghanistan, which could give it access to their abundant na tural resources and open other cheaper trading avenues. India would not have to be dependent on Pakistan for access to Central Asia, which might come crossways as another blow to Pakistan.Another cause of concern for Pakistan, at the political level, was constant Indian pressure that Pakistan provided a safe haven for terrorists. India took advantage of American presence in the region and looked at this as an opportunity to further one of its foreign policy goals, that is, to ensure that Pakistan was strongly implicated in harbouring terrorists under its roof. The case for this argument was of course Pakistans close relations with the Taliban and the fact that Pakistan was a big supporter of the Taliban regime in Afghanistan.Secondly India had claimed time and again that Pakistan uses terrorist groups to assist their foreign policy agendas. They claimed that the Pakistani intelligence cell, the ISI, with the blessings of the government equipped, trained and infiltrated militants i nto Kashmir. This was a very serious claim considering Pakistan was a nuclear state which endorsed state sponsored terrorism. The Indian government hoped that the United States would finally understand Indias point of view and become an ally of India against Pakistans state-sponsored terrorism. Indian security agencies hope that the terrorist attack in New York on Tuesday will see the United States put pressure on Pakistan to extradite Dawood Ibrahim, Tiger Memon, Chhota Shakeel and others, who masterminded the serial bomb blasts in Mumbai in March 1993. Domestically, Pakistan has had to pay a very heavy price for the part it has played in the war. There has been a huge increase in the takings of terrorist and militant organizations in the country after the war.Following the events of the 2001-2002 standoff between Pakistan and India, Musharraf, pledged to crack down on the militant organizations working in the country. They were obviously not willing to go easily and put up resis tance by targeting government and security establishments. Thousands of innocent civilians were killed as result of suicide attacks and the whole country was gripped in a constant state of fear. The law and order situation got so wore that the president himself narrowly survived two bold attempts on his life.The backlash was the finish up in the north western region, for the people divided by international borders shared the same strong bonds of ethnicity and culture. Taking cue from the Taliban of Afghanistan, the Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan became an active anti-state terrorist organization comprised of mostly Pashtoons, just like the Afghani Taliban. It is responsible for carrying out hundreds of terrorist attacks on state owned institutions and civilians as well. They were perhaps behind the assassination of Benazir Bhutto and one of the biggest causes for instability in the Khyber-Pukhtoonkhwa province.The situation became too bad to be ignored and the Pakistan military launche d a full scale military operation in which thousands of troops were involved to deal with this menace. Even though millions of rupees and a lot of soldiers were lost in the operation, the operation was unsuccessful and the Taliban continue living in the mountains of the Waziristan region, albeit as outlaws and vigilantes. This religious extremist ideology, unfortunately, is not only confined to Pakistans western provinces. This menace has slowly started spreading in the comparatively more peaceful Punjab and Sindh provinces as well.The society is slowly nice more polarised on the issue of whether Pakistan should keep on fighting Americas war. Others however believe this is a war for Pakistans own survival. whatsoever the case is, the country has been gripped in a constant state of fear and gloom. Notions of national cohesiveness and unity are fast withering away as the Pashtoon and Baloch communities claim they have felt the brunt of the war on terror, a notion that is true consid ering the drone attacks that are carried out in their homelands.A 2012 report on the security situation of 2011 in Pakistan puts the matter in better perspective. WhileFATAcontinued to reel under the impact of terrorism, there was no respite from terror inKPas well. Sindh continued to experience a morecentralized patternof violence in and around Karachi. However, the extension of the influence of armed extremist political, ethnic, sectarian and criminal groups in the city, and the chances of violence spreading to other areas of the Province, could not be ruled out. Overall the costs of this war on terror have been careen for Pakistan.The costs, in terms of monetary terms, political terms, social terms and most importantly loss of life are so huge, that Pakistan is still reeling from the blow. The report mentioned earlier, gives an subject regarding the losses sustained by Pakistan. Pakistans continuing engagement with the production and export of Islamist extremism and terrorism continued to produce a bloody blowback at home, with a total of at least 6,142 persons, including of 2,797 militants, 2,580 civilians and 765 Security Forces (SFs) personnel killed in 2011.However, even this worrying total constituted an improvement of 17. 75 per cent over the preceding year. 7,435 persons, including 5,170 militants, 1,796 civilians and 469 SF personnel, had been killed in 2010. Secondly, the war has almost dried up foreign investment in Pakistan, as no one is willing to come here considering the prevailing security situation and the unstable political scenario.The economy is in shambles as a major chunk of the budget goes to the army and less and less is spent on the people. It is true that Pakistan is getting aid from outside, but it cannot just rely on aid to survive in the future. A major energy crisis has added to the woes of the country and caused great distress to the public. Anti American sentiments are now at an all time high and the country looks forward to the day it does not have to deal with these issues any more.As former foreign minister Abdul Sattar says, So colossal have been the human and material ravages our country has suffered during the last decade that no sensitive citizen can but wish Pakistan had followed a different course, one that might have saved our country and people from the nightmare in which we are still trapped. If the positive and negative outcomes of the post 9/11 policy are weighed against each other, it can be concluded that it has been overall more baneful than beneficial to the country.Yes, the policy allowed Pakistan to come back into the main stream of international politics and yes, it caused an influx of foreign aid into the country which rescued a stagnant economy, but at what cost? The material costs of thousands of dollars or the cost of human life, to which a value cannot be assigned, have been tremendous. The country is gripped by a war that is ravaging its socio-political fabric. The economy is once again in shambles and the country stands on the brink of bankruptcy.The more alarming thought is that, the war on terror is still not over and its consequences keep haunting the country. Once the coalition troops leave Afghanistan, the whole region will be locked in a geo-political struggle for supremacy and with major players like hostile India involved, the odds do not look good for Pakistan. Works Cited Balakrishnan, S. India Hopes US allow Now Pressurise Pak. The Times Of India. N. p. , 2001. Web. 14 Oct. 2012. . Pakistan Assessment 2012. South Asia Terrorism Portal. N. p. , n. d. Web. 12 Oct. 2012. . Musarrat, Prof. Dr. Razia. US WAR ON TERRORISM AND ITS IMPACT ON southeastern ASIA. Thesis. University of the Punjab, n. d. Http//pu. edu. pk. University of the Punjab. Web. http//pu. edu. pk/images/journal/pols/Currentissue-pdf/RAZIA. pdf Sattar, Abdul. REVISIT TO POST-9/11 POLICY. Criterion-Quarterly7. 1 (2012) n. pag. Criterion-quarterly. com. 2012. Web. 12 Oct. 2012 . .

TRIMS

The elimination of market interventions and to a greater extent liberalization has a positive case on FDI inf embarrasseds. According to Zhang &Yang (2016) the importance of WTO with regard to FDI has been overlooked by the foregoing researchers and until now its effect on FDI and that On Trade related investment measures ( rationaliseS) has not been examined.Sane (2015) study suggests that it is important for national governments and for those firms that ar involved in formulating investment, business and trade policies to know the effect of TRIMS on the foreign investment. It is the responsibility of WTO member to remove tariffs and other barriers that can shine the foreign as nearly as local investors.In order to attract more(prenominal) FDI in various sectors, locations and activities the overseas investors are offered with incentives. These incentives can in the form of tax credits, concessions, holidays, trade subsidies, export subsidies and accelerated depreciation on m achinery and plants. (Shah & Khan, 2016).Milner (2014) states that the most common feature that amaze been affecting the maneuvers of multinational firms in the host plain are the rewards and punishment approach. Furthermore, the main purpose of Trade related investment measures is to abolish such kind of approach. In case of any dispute between two-member countries the WTO has dispute closing mechanism from one state to other. (Shah, 2010).The decisions related to settlement of dispute does not require harmony among the members. (Shah, 2011a).According to Barry et al. (2016) previous studies signalize that multinational overseas investment is modify by high tariff barriers.Shah(2017a) found that rapid reduction of tariff duties in the late eighties that in early nineties and eventually ascribable to the agreement of WTO in1995 led to tariff jumping FDI. This kind of investment is not present in free market economies. (Medvedev, 2012)With The internationalization of multinatio nal productions competition for FDI has draw more business friendly economic atmosphere which is in accordance with the objectives of W TO. (Paul, 2015). By observing the Present & the likely future factors that can affect the FDI movements this will help to create a market that is free of any interventions which would in turn attract more investment (Sutyrin, Efinova & Trofimenko, 2016).This study experiences to determine the effect of TRIMs on overseas investment in 38 Sub-Saharan African countries from years1988 to 2015 i.e. 28 years .The inconsistents utilize are market size, economic development, stand, macro-economic stability. The results indicate that TRIMS flummox positive impact on FDI inflows.The conventional determinants of FDI consists of Market size, Trade openness, Economic Development, Macroeconomic stability and Infrastructure ability and Quality. These are considered as the main factors that have major influence on inward FDI.Balasubramanyam ( 1991) defined T RIMS as both collection of incentives & restrictive measures that are designed by a developing estate in order to influence of FDI.To control the use of performance requirements that are imposed on foreign investors by means of WTO TRIMS. (Collins,2016).These agreements are a compounding of both new and existing investments and includes both native & foreign firms. (Shah,2011b).The member states of WTO are required to notify about the procedures that do not comply with the TRIM agreement in 3 months time period. To eliminate all kind of distortions the members of developed countries are granted two years time, the developing countries five years and the low developed countries up to seven years.The developing countries that are unable to implement TRIM within the given time frame can get more time by applying for extension within seven years for Pakistan and few months for Chile. (UNCTAD, 2012).The amount of trade agreements that are signed by a developing country are taken as pro xy for TRIMS. Moreover, these agreements involve two or few partner economies they focus more to tariff and service liberalization.TRIMS is very of import for FDI payable to removal of non-tariff barriers in trade. It allows overseas investors to freely export, import goods and generate profits. It gives all the investors equal treatment irrespective of their nationality. Impartial investment policies are more favorable for enticing foreign investors and tend to have a positive relationship between TRIMS & FDI inflows. (Shah, 2012a).ESTIMATION METHODShah(2017) used equation one for determining the effect of TRIMs performance under WTO on inward FDI in 38 Sub-Saharan African countries.FDI it=f(Market size, economic development, openness, Macroeconomic stability, Infrastructure, TRIMS) ..Equation 1In equation one subscript i represents a Sub-Saharan African country from 1 to 38.Subscript t denotes the time period from 1988 to 2015 varying from 1 to 28which is equal to a total of 10 64 (28*38) observations per variable. FDIit is used for the dependent variable representing the yearly stock of FDI in each of the host economy i. Equation two is derived from equation 1 by using log and by putting the proxies for dependent and independent variables.Where, ln is used for natural log, which also reduces the likely heteroscedasticity (Resmini, 2000). For market size Gross domestic product is used. The gross dictated capital formation proxy is used for development level, aggregate trade represents the extent of openness of the economy, exchange rate is used for macroeconomic stability and for infrastructure availability telephone density is used.The WTO membership and the trade agreements proxy represents TRIMs implementation.Empirical Estimation MethodShah, (2012b) used longitudinal panel for data from 38 countries for 28 years. Hausman (1978) specification trial run was carried out to select between fixed and random effect and the use of fixed effect model was fou nd more appropriate. (Nonnenberg & Mendonca, 2004).RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONThe market size variable (GDP) is positive and was found to have significant effect on FDI. Shah (2016) found the results to be in accordance with the theory since economies of scale, opportunities for diversification and more possibilities of making an optimum use of the imported technology are usually offered by bigger markets.Economic development (GFCF) is positive but insignificant.Trade openness was positively significant which indicate that multinationals prefer open economies. Macroeconomic stability is found by the exchange rate. The result reveals that FDI in the Sub Saharan Africa is based more on exports due to depreciation of currency.Infrastructure and quality are positively significant as these are considered more important for the production and trade related activities. The proxy for TRIMS is the no of trade agreements and that of WTO membership is positive and significant which indicates that t he amount of trade agreements signed by the host results in increase in inward FDI.CONCLUSIONThe main aim of this research is to determine the effect of TRIMs implementation on FDI inflows in Sub-Saharan African Developing countries. The technique used for data analysis was fixed affection for the years 1988 to 2015 which shows that presence of larger domestic market attracts multinationals (Shah & Afridi, 2015).Trade liberalization enables the multinationals to sell their products in other countries.The important factors affecting FDI are Infrastructure, trade repose and exchange rate. These factors tend to influence the overseas investors investment decision because they empower the multinationals.Reduction in TRIMs related market distortions positively affects multinationals due to the resultant loosening of the trade and investment environment adding to a countrys prospects of hosting additional FDI. Economy development was found to be insignificant due to the relative backwa rdness of the economies under investigation. These results are applicable to the 38 Sub-Saharan African countries only and shall not be widespread universally to other countries.

Ct- 183 †Principles of Providing Administrative Services

CT- 183 Principles of Providing Administrative Services Understand how to make receive telephone calls 1. 1 Describe the different features of telephone systems and how to utilization them To using telephone is more easily to mutter message to others when you need to, without going to their house or workplace. It is real good to be use in a melodic line employment. For example if you working in a Reception, then you will always need to pass message around to others staff.You cannot be purchasable go around the building to tell them, because you will always need to be in the reception. Telephone would be the most easily way for you to pass the messages to them, or you can also use e-mail, if they not available to answer the telephone. You need to make sure you deliver the message as soon as possible to others, because it would be some important teaching or messages they has been waiting for all day.You will always need to make sure you take the make better messages, listen car efully when you on the phone to customers, or anyone that needs you to pass any messages. You need to make sure that the messages you pass to others are up to date, basically is when you taking message thought the telephone, make sure you put the time and all the details you need to know down. If these if privacy message, make sure on that points no one next to you when you on the phone.Telephone is a point to point communication system whose most basic function is to allow 2 people talking to each other whenever they are. It would be in a different city or country. There is the hold button you can stir it to put someone on hold. Then there is call waiting, caller id, call forwarding, speed dial, group connections. The group connections are mostly for businesses. You can render voice message to other people. 1. Describe how to follow organisational procedures when making and receiving telephone calls To follow organisational procedures when making and receiving telephone calls is very important, make sure you got the correct numbers game when making a call, otherwise it cant not connect to the person you wanted to call, it will also cost you fees for the call you made. If you working in a Reception it is very important for you to follow organisational procedures, when use transfer, make sure you connect to the right person that caller wants, because it would be a very important call. . 3 Explain the purpose of giving a tyrannical image of self and own organisation The purpose of giving a positive image of self and own organisation is to give you a polite efficient and professional image meaning opening and closing the calls properly, having a benignant but business-like manner and using appropriate words and phrases in this way everyone will see my organisation in a positive way. Understand how to cargo area mail 2. 1 Explain the purpose of correctly receiving, checking and sorting incoming and outgoing mail or packages . 2 Identify different internal and extraneous mail services available to organisation 2. 3 Describe the methods of calculating postage charges for mail or packages Understand how to use different types of office equipment 3. 1 Identify different types of equipment and their uses 3. 2 Explain the purpose of following manufacturers instructions when using equipment 3. 3 Explain the purpose of keeping equipment clean, hearty and ready for the next user Understand how to keep gasconade to a minimum in a business environment 4. Explain why waste should be kept to a minimum in a business environment 4. 2 Identify the main causes of waste that may occur in a business environment 4. 3 Identify ways of keeping waste to a minimum in a business environment accredit how to make specifyments for meetings 5. 1 Identify different types of meetings and their main features 5. 2 Identify the sources and types of information needed to arrange a meeting 5. 3 Describe how to arrange meetings Understand procedures for organisatio n travel and accommodation arrangements 6. explain the purpose of confirming instructions and requirements for business travel and accommodation 6. 2 outline the main types of business travel or accommodation arrangements that may need to be made and the procedures to follow 6. 3 explain the purpose of keeping records of business travel or accommodation arrangements Understand diary management procedures 7. 1 explain the purpose of using a diary system to plan activities 7. 2 identify the information needed to maintain a diary system Understand the purpose of delivering effective customer service and how to do so

Macbeth †A butcher, a savage slaughterer Essay

A butcher, a savage slaughterer who is ordinarily thpought to have no feelings of guilt or remorse. This is used Malcolms description of Macbeth. At some points in the run away MACBETH there argon many visible examples that this definition could be applied to Macbeth. However at other points in the play, Shakespe are shows the audience how much guilt and regret Macbeth has, we are even shown some self hatred from our once proud warrior.Malcolm, the son of Duncan, the utterly king, describes Macbeth as this dead butcher. There are many arguements for and against this point, but I would hold the opinion that Macbeth is not a dead butcher, but he was infact trying to do the best for his country. It would not calculate like this all through out the play though. When Macbeth confronts the witches at the beginning of the play, he is thought of as a good noble man, O, valaint cousin notable gentleman The language used here to represent Macbeth is honorable, proud language. All the lyric indicate that this is a man of truth and honour. Here at the beginnning of the play he is introduced to the witches.If used as an example against Malcolms description, it can be interpreted that the actions performed by Macbeth through the play was not of his own free allow for but of witchcraft that has been placed on him. Later in the play we find severalize that his brainiac is universe tampered with, Shall draw him onto his confusion.Infact not all the clean can be placed upon Macbeths manoeuvre alone, his dear wife lady Macbeth was a strong influence in the descision to k forbidding Duncan. This was and the starting and only murder she assisted in, the murder of the other characters was devised by only Macbeth. Even as Lady Macbeth asked the devil to take her guilt away, Stop up the departure and access to remorse, she ponders her own descision. unless before the murder of Duncan, Lady Macbeth changes her mind and tries to prevent Macbeth from commiting the mu rder, but even his own arguement cannot sway the passage of events which he will take place in.On the otherhand Malcolm does have a reason to insult the dead Macbeth. He has not heard the same things as the audience and therefore does not know the private hell Macbeth was going through at the end of the play, I amsick at heart,. The recite Malcolm has to support his view is overwelming but not complete. The main reasons Malcolm holds are the death of many people including his father, the supple decline of Scotland and the fact that Malolm originally fled from Scotland because he was under blame for the death of the King. It is quite clear that Malcolm is full of hatred for Macbeth, This tyrant, whose sole name blisters our tounges,. The language Shakespeare uses now is of quite a different nature, all the words are powerful words and descriptions of hated, trechary and evil. Malcolms reasons for revenge were quite justified, his family had been pour downed and Macbeth had stolen the place on the throne, which Malcolm had once thought he deserved.The first murder commited was the murder of Duncan, which some say was also the murder of Macbeth because of the dreams and voices he heard objet dart commiting the crime. As Macbeth walked to Duncans relaxationing way of life he sees the dagger he is going to use infront of his eyes blow in the air, Is this a dagger I see before me,. After the murder he starts to shows signs of such guilt and also a little maddness Wake Duncan with the knocking. I would thoucouldst. When talking to his wife he tells her that he heard a voice after the murder telling him that he would not sleep anymore, this becomes true, maybe not because of the voice but because of Macbeths self blast. Just before the murder Macbeth, in his manner weighs the arguements to kill or not kill Duncan. The strongest of these arguements is that he really has no reason to kill him, The witches properly predicted the death of the Thane of Cawdor w hich came round with no intervention of Macbeth, so maybe the same could be true about becoming king. Macbeth ignores this and thinks that the only way for him to be king, if the witches were infact telling the truth, was to get rid of all the obsictales in his way.His sustain and third murders took place at the same time. In the morning of Duncans murder Macduff found the body, the two guards ouside the room had taken the blame, because of Lady Macbeth placing the knife on them. Macbeth seemed to have no guilt about these brutle murders and placing the blame on two innocent men. When Macduff tells of the murder Macbeth rushes and kills the guards That I did kill them. The fact that he kills them, and seems to have no problems with placing the blame on others is probably one of the strong points for Malcolm outburst.His next murder is more carefully planned. Instead of a sudden outburst of anger he hires two murders to do the job for him. Here his signs of paranoia are video disp lay because he also sends another murder to make sure everything goes to plan. This murder is more brutle most presumable than the other murders, although he does not take part in it him self. He sends the murderers to kill his best friend and his son, Banquo and Fleance. When the murders report to Macbeth how their job went he says some cruel things about his dead friend,T is better thee without, than he within.. Here he is saying that ir is better for the blood to be on the murders hands than internal of Banquo, a brutle image that could be used by Shakespeare to sway the views of the audience since no other person hears this.This conversation between the murderer and Macbeth takes place at his castle just after Macbeths corination. The banquet however is in honour of Banquo, in accordance with Macbeth. Even though it is thought bad to speak ill of the dead, Macbeth insults Banquo for not turning up to his banquet, and is thought of as rude. Until Macbeth goes to sit down he d oes not seem bothered about the death. Now the following incident could be an image of his mind, just like the floating(a) knife, or it could be an act by the witches. As Macbeth tries to sit at the table he sees Banquos ghost in his chair. Nobody else sees it but Macbeth is clearly annoyed at Banquo. He claims that it is not his fault, metre canst not say, I did itHis only other more important murder after this before the closing scene is the murder of Macduffs family. When Macduffs flees to England Macbeth again thinks the only solution is violence and he sends part of his army to kill all those who are more close to Macduff His wife, his babes, and all unfortunate soulsthat trace him in this line. Now with Macbeth and Macduff being friends, they have more than linkely visited eachothers castle before. So Macbeth has probably met, spoke and befriended Lady Macduff, but still he is able to just give an order for them to have their throats cut. Through these murders we find a lot of evidence to back up Malcolm, and draw our own conclusions that Macbeth does indeed have very little guilt. However, the personal torment he is being put through is not made known.At the beginning of the play we are aware that Macbeth and his wife have a very good relationship together, My dearest love,, they even killed Duncan together. besides towards the end their marridge seems to break down, we see how Lady Macbeth becomes ill and haunted by images of the murder, when he hears that she is dead and has taken her own life, all he can say is She should have died hereafter that is all he says on her death. This may seem cold but we now know of his depression, and you cannot help but feel brokenheartedness for his failed marridge.So my views on Macbeth being a dead butcher was that he wasnt one at all. He could have been under the power of evil forces, and towords the end he was haunted by guilt. Once he started on the road he couldnt turn back. I doubt that it was all Macbeths fault, he did think he was doing the correct thing but he didnt know the effects it would have on others and infact his country.

Down the Road: My Personal Authentic Leadership Journey Essay

innate(p) in Rawalpindi, Pakistan, w here(predicate) arms and ammunition for armed forces of Pakistan ar make and distri plainlyed to different locations of the country, my drawship timeline reflects that leaders atomic number 18 moulded by the events they gambleed and overcome to give-up the ghost who they are today. My story begins with a father whose sole goal in life was to provide us the education that he knew was vital to our aim to be successful as role models and leaders. Because education is not altogether about book tuition, my family salaried special attention to educating us about morals and ethics.Via religious education, I ready the virtue of cosmos a good military personnel with a healthy belief system. To a leader you need to have a strong pes in values and how those values shape our every activity. Discussion Because of this emphasis on education, I found myself even more drawn to furthering my own knowledge and uncovering my strengths and weaknesses as a contributing piece of society. I saw my father as a role model who placed his familys need above his own.By moving out of his native village, he took the first steps towards providing his children with the best achievable opportunities to get good standard education and develop high gear moral values and ethics in their personalities. As my father is closely educated, he expected that his children too reach their all-encompassing potential. Unfortunately, during my high syllabus courses I performed poorly and was forced to break even votelesser to improve myself. Upon reaching college, I selected to be a class representative because I saw myself as having both good interaction skills as well as the aptitude for resoluteness problems between individuals.This was the first time that I realized that my goals to break down a good leader were indeed possible and attainable. In hindsight, I see that this interaction was the basis for nigh lead traits (http//www. stewart-asso ciates. co. uk/leadership-models. aspx). For example, during conflicts I rose to the occasion and alleviated group filteres, persistently overcame dilemmas, cooperated with my fissure classmates in solving problems, was seen as a dep barricadeable role model for lower class men, and easily adapted to situations when required.This initial experience began to give me the confidence that I needed to shade that I could successfully aid my fellow college students and beingness a strong representative of their requests and voices (http//www. buzzle. com/editorials/9-3-2004-58861. asp). It was only due to this confidence that I persistently employ for admission to several universities in Pakistan even though I had failed to obtain admission into any high ranking universities. To my parents, this was an embarrassment and the shame that they tangle tore at my heart but though I was upset I realized I was not de-motivated.Instead, I adapted and improvised to the situation and selected to do my last year in college once again so as to receive higher marks. My self-restructuring efforts paid pip and I achieved higher marks than any matchless had expected from me. These implemented efforts are once again the markings of a young leader and can be visually seen in the graph below Image interpreted from (http//images. google. com/imgres? imgurl=http//api. ning. com/files/pAqrWCqLQC2AgQvsxfBsUXwOyx42-xPKmO6TQFFNQ5tMD1CBzFkfU7rWUpMX6Siqa6k*LAJmr*e4wYGKq7zMGn6UmTHdk6fy/Leadershipmodel. gif.jpg&imgrefurl=http//mylinkingpowerforum. ning. com/xn/detail/u_3jluv5gj6mp9a&usg=__AwGvnrelt3BvpCbfy005kjVXiE4=&h=278&w=320&sz=13&hl=en&start=10&um=1&tbnid=7oYMmH6hwuxfUM&tbnh=103&tbnw=118&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dleadership%2Bmodel%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26um%3D1) My hard work would never go to waste and this renewed energy gave me the needed push to start my higher education at some good university. This effort ties in to the leadership model reflected by T. McGregor (1906-1964) which specifi es that managers escape to pretend two different assumptions about human nature.These views he explored in his opening X and theory Y where in theory Y he states that The expenditure of physical and mental effort in work is as natural as play or rest. (http//www. stewart-associates. co. uk/leadership-models. aspx) My effort had indeed paid off and my father was able to send me to the UK for my higher education. It was hard, after starting the application process, Sept 11th occurred and the British embassy in Pakistan elected to close down its visa division for 6 months which forced me to put off my studies until Oct 2002.In spite of this delay, my only recourse was to kept up the intrust and continue my computer course, IELTS, and TOEFL studies until April of 2002. I swear that this element of hope despite such hardships falls under the concept of a required trait leadership because without hope you will not feel the start to continue on in projects, goals or objectives. Whi le research may have shown that there are no consistent traits which make a leader there is merit to the argument that a hope-less leader will not be a successful one (http//www. leadership-studies. com/documents/mgmt_standards. pdf).So here I was in April of 2002 in the UK, and excited to being a new life on my own but fully aware of the hardships that I would encounter faced with a different culture. This driving difference would force me into getting a place to live, decision myself a job, and saving go I took time off from my college, Financial Training Company (FTC). I was lucky to find a living place with my childhood friends who were very supportive and I excessively found a job at Burger King, a local fast food restaurant. I started my plug in Accounting Technician (AAT) qualification and effected this qualification by December 2004.It was during this time that I likewise do several mistakes and suffered from heavy losses, both on a socially and financially level. It w as not easy adapting but I learnt from any mistakes that I made. I learnt how to deal my 5 friends (both younger and older than me) living unneurotic and how to explain and assert myself when needed. I also learnt how to juggle the complexities associated with both working and going to school full time because in bunt of 2003 I was forced to get a job at Sainsburys local store. After working for Sainsburys for six months, I had an opportunity to step up as a supervisor and take on more responsibilities.During the interview process, I was the lucky candidate selected to become a supervisor. There were interviews held for this position and I was the successful candidate. This was very encouraging for me as my hard work and commitment to this job had paid off. The managers checked my performance track record and they found me to be blameless fit for this role. I was taken aback when they decided that I would have to undergo more teaching prior to being able to run a shift by myself as manager. During this period, I completed a 3 month training only to find that upper management itself changed.So here I found a challenge when the new managers arrived at the branch they refused to promote me and official verbalise that I would need training for another 4 to 6 months. At that time, this became a very depressing situation for me. Even though I had passed all required tests for the position, it was under the managers end discretion to allow the promotion or not. Though I was disappointed, I did not lose hope and continued to struggle to my end goal. It took me another six weeks to prove myself as a good aggroup leader who had the indispensable capabilities to lead by example.That was a victorious moment for me when the store manager called me in the office and signed my promotion certificate. Due to my exposure at Sainsbury to various leadership models and techniques, I felt especially drawn to the concept of the action centered leadership structure. Via this model, I was introduced to the value of having a leader who performs activities and by these actions shows his or her employees the significance of balancing the needs of the employees with the requirements and expectations of the team. I came across many managers with different leadership styles e. g.manager or morning shift used to prefer shop faced up and tidied while the one running the evening shift always focussed more on tills and customer swear out activities. For me, I saw that the true objective of an action plan is to effectively gauge what tasks must be accomplished in order for a project to be successfully completed. The leader of this situation is represent as a helicopter lightly gliding over the situation and having a positive overview of what is occurring through the project lifecycle. This allows for the task to been seen and directed to ensure that clear objectives are being met, and procedures are being adhered to.In the beginning I faced resistance from my ow n colleagues. They sometimes refused to do what I told them or argued and made lame excuses about why they could not accomplish a task. The reason for this behaviour was obvious. They felt that I who had been their co-worker just days before was now their boss. The assignment of jobs from me made them clearly uncomfortable and they rebelled. I had to handle the situation very carefully by delegating the work as well as helping them, by assuring them that though I was a team leader I was also part of the team.I could also see if there was evidence of progress and ensure that all deadlines are being met for the assignment (http//www. skagitwatershed. org/donclark/leader/leadcon. html). This elevated view allows for the leader to tend his employees while functions are being performed to complete the project. From a higher perspective, such a leader is enabled with the vital component of seeing all aspects of the situation from the viewpoint of the task, the team, and the individual wi thin the team. The team will see my commitment to the task assigned, and feel the same level of purpose that I feel.This will allow the team to grow in their cohesion, drive for success, and gleam trust from each other. To an individual, this status allows for individual growth in their career objectives because they feel that their component is being acknowledged and is evident in the team circles. Feedback both for the leaders as well as from the leadership capacity allows for better commitments, respect, security, and change of direction if required. Key to this model is the evidence of plans being successfully outlined and modified if required (http//www.stewart-associates. co. uk/leadership-models. aspx). Such leaders are aware that sometimes change is necessary for a project to be successful. Some of my workers were habitually taking longer breaks, not turning up for work and even stealing stock. Because of my strong leadership traits I able to convert many of them into grow nup up their bad habits and feeling that they could be good workers. This act of situational leadership enforced the concept that I needed to prepare, direct, support, and delegate activities and behaviours for my co-workers (http//www.chimaeraconsulting. com/sitleader. htm). One supportive characteristic was my decision was my decision to not take vile action against one of my co-workers who my deputy manager disliked. I found myself faced with extra work and stress because of his anger, but because I was a strong believer in Thortons 3C leadership model (challenge, confidence, coaching) I felt that my personal challenge in this case was to bear up under the difficulty and coach my employees into sharing my goals and becoming inspired by them (http//www.quickmba. com/mgmt/leadership/3c/). If I had given into the deputy managers illegal tactics I would destroy the confidence that they had begun to feel in my and my efforts to help them be successful. My self-assertion and ambitio n led me to seek employment in a company which also felt in addition attuned, Dixons Plc. At Dixons, I was hired as a gross revenue advisor, where within weeks I showed my employers my excellence in performance. They rewarded me with huge bonuses and commissions.They too believed in the Thortons 3Cs Leadership Model and challenged me to benchmark my progress and highlighted my strengths and how I could become even more successful. Enriched by this experience, I was only too happy to continue my learning in how to arrange credit agreements with the HFC bank and how to facilitate our customers with after sales services. This continued to build up my confidence because the challenging goals that were set by my company were attainable and they showed me that I had the ability to reach the sales goals and quotas expected from me.Concluding Remarks My experiences have molded me from a timid young man to an assertive one. Without the guide my father, my manager, and my exposure to the wor king world and its expectations from me I would be unable to be the leader that I am today. I hope that by learning about new leadership techniques I may one day be able to progress into an even more experienced managerial role. I believe that my leadership traits and qualities have enriched my life and aided me in my attempts to overcome the hurdles and challenges thrown my way.References Bass, Bernard (1990). From transactional to transformational leadership learning to share the vision. Organizational Dynamics, Vol. 18, Issue 3, Winter, 1990, 19-31. Bolden, R. , Gosling, J. , Marturano, A. and Dennison, P. A REVIEW OF LEADERSHIP THEORY AND COMPETENCY FRAMEWORKS (2003). Retrieved March 27, 2009 from http//www. leadership-studies. com/documents/mgmt_standards. pdf Clark, Don. Concepts of Leaders. Retrieved March 27, 2009 from http//www. skagitwatershed. org/donclark/leader/leadcon. htmlChimaera Consulting Limited (1999). Situational Leadership. Retrieved March 27, 2009 from http//w ww. chimaeraconsulting. com/sitleader. htm Thornton, Paul B. Be the Leader, Make the Difference Thornton, Thorntons 3-C Leadership Model. Website. Retrieved March 27, 2009 from http//www. quickmba. com/mgmt/leadership/3c/ Models and Theories. Website. Retrieved March 27, 2009 from http//www. stewart- associates. co. uk/leadership-models. aspx Leadership Qualities. Retrieved March 27, 2009 from http//www. buzzle. com/editorials/9-3-2004-58861. asp

Scavenging for Food as Early Hominid Activity

The obligate Scavenger Hunt by Pat Shipman takes a look at the activities of primeval Hominids in terms of food hunting and gathering, specifically in the African plains of Kenya. To her surprise, proterozoic hominids portrayed a somewhat unusually trait rather than the established fact about archeozoic hominids as well-established hunters. It seemed that the foundations of first humans of the Neolithic age, that were built around hunting and gathering may collapse and be replaced with something that we can non be proud of.However, it is a possibility since some still exhibit much(prenominal) trait in the innovative world. Scavenging is a well-known(a) practise of galore(postnominal) mammalian carnivores in Africa. However, some are still slight or nearly pure in terms of hunting and scavenging. Nonetheless, a lot of the well-known carnivores such as pack hunters or the big predators practice a hybrid of strategies in order to cloy their stomachs. Much to her surprise, Pa t Shipman discoered that early hominids (Homo Habilis, Australopithecus africanus, A.Robustus) practice scavenging more often than hunting. There were many evidences to this claim that early men who utilized stone tools were scavengers rather than established hunters. In the same sense, bipedalism to a fault suggested that early hominids practiced scavenging, as their bodies were suited for such activities. Bone marks also suggested such an activity by Early Hominids. It may urinate been much later when hominids became established huntersmuch in the measure of Homo Erectus and the invention of fire.However, being a scavenger was not all bad as it had advantages that gnarled energy efficiency as many mammalian predators would agree to. They would scavenge what they can and hunt when they moldiness (Shipman 115). It is somewhat an interesting fact to discover an unusual early hominid activity, as it quickly reassembled my intimacy that all early bipedal hominids were established h unters rather than scavengers (I would not argue that they were not gatherers). It does not actually come as a shock but much more want an interesting surprise. Well, it was support astoundingly by Pat Shipman and her colleagues.There is nothing wrong with scavenging as it was a risky but smart as a whip strategy done by most predatory mammalians, which apparently includes early hominids with Neolithic tools. I would not say that I was quite disappointed in discovering such a characteristic belonging to early hominidsthe supposed achieved hunters of the African plain, or of any other plain. Scavenging is actually an effective strategy as it ensured the endurance of many early hominids without the expense of immense energy from hunting and killing the prey. Carcasses provided them with skin or hatch for their clothing, and meat (of course).The scavenging trait of early hominids are still much present to a lot of juvenile humans todayespecially those who are unable to provide th emselves with proper food. That discovered fact from the article helped me clear some things up about modern humans possessing characteristics similar to a scavengerlike a vulture perhaps, minus the flying. It made me realize that the source of such trait may have occurred as an instinctive practice by early humansto grab what they can from their surroundingswhich was not bad at all since it enabled people to survive this long.Possessing the hunting-scavenging trait, humans have become a well-known survivor that can adapt to any condition. Pat Shipman took a different angle in analyzing early hominid activity, in terms of food gathering and their diet. The results were not all bad as scavenging provided a lot of things for early hominids, and ensured their survival for quite a long time. This trait may have been carried over to this date. We scavenge what we can and hunt if we must, should very much explain early hominid activity.

Automatic Controls for Any Process

Chapter 5Automatic ControlsAutomation plays a rattling critical billet in the development and promotion of any clay. Automatic pull stringsler refers to the rule of any procedure, thingamajig or a arrangement utilizing automatic agencies instead than manual control. Automation a governing body is done to develop the earth presentation and to increase the intersection pointiveness of the ashes. Automatic control has become an incorporate portion in every field whether it is industry, robotics, vehicles, power workss, etc. to increase the productiveness, humanity presentation and efficiency of the system control systems argon utilize to accomplish the mechanization. Control system fundamentally refers to the inter mold-accessibleness of the constituents to configure the system to father forth the envy left all over product.5.1 Types of Control SystemThere atomic number 18 fundamentally two types of control systemsFigure 5.1 prefatorial types of Control systemsClos ed cringle system is good than unfastened cringle system. The control system employ for this labour is a closed cringle electronic control whole which domiciliate command the end product of the system.5.2 Components of Control systemThere atomic number 18 assorted constituents of control system that includes the procedure whose end product is to be controlled, informations encyclopedism unit, electronic control unit and end product guiles.5.2.1 ProcedureIt is the sanctioned constituent of the control system as this is the constituent whose end product is to be controlled utilizing the automatic control. So it is required to mathematically practice the procedure to understand the behavior of the stimulus and so bring forth the desired and controlled end product ( Mutambara Arthur 1999 ) .Top of FormBottom of Form5.2.2 Data Acquisition UnitIt is that unit of the system that undersurface mensurate galvanising or physical measure in the signifier of electromotive force, curre nt, temperature, sound, etc. It by and large measures the parallel distinguish and so treat it utilizing aim conditioning or parallel to digital convertor. The physio logical information from the detectors is air to the cardinal unit to be processed. PIC16f73 microcontroller is utilise as the nucleus of DAU and it performs the parallel to digital transformation and so sends the processed end product betoken to the end product device. PIC microcontroller is chosen as it provides the requisite functionalities needed to the user. Besides it has high speed parallel to digital vicissitude ability. PIC microcontroller is farther connected to liquid crystal show ( LCD ) , doorbell and a motor to expose the end product. elemental constituents of DAQ unitFigure 5.2 Components of DAQ unit ( What is data acquisition? 2014 )DetectorSensor is an stimulant drug device utilise to mensurate the physiological signals like temperature, light olfactory property, etc. It is anyway called tr ansducer that converts a physical signal into measureable electrical signal. The electrical end product of the detector may be in the signifier of current, electromotive force, underground or other electrical signal depending upon the type of detector used. In this undertaking, intoxi shagt detector and eye-blink detectors are used which are al bringy discussed in the old chapter 3 and 4.DAQ DeviceIt is the interface between the input signal from the detector and the reason machine. It is fundamentally used to change over the linear signal approach path from the detector into a digital signal which can be easy interpreted by the computing machine. Its chief map is to mensurate the parallel signal utilizing signal conditioning and so change over it into digital signifier. For this undertaking the microcontroller allow for move as a DAQ device and it will work on the operating instruction manual programmed in its retrospect. Microcontroller used in this undertaking has inbuilt pa rallel to digital convertor so there is no demand to link parallel to digital convertor externally.Computer SystemThe DAQ device is connected to the computing machine utilizing a port. The computing machine coach linking the DAQ and the computing machine system acts as a communicating nexus between the computing machine and the DAQ device for go throughing the instructions and the measured informations. In this undertaking, a conception is written in programming package ( Mikro C ) and this plan is fed into the DAQ device utilizing a microcontroller burner and a coach. This connexion between the DAQ device and computing machine is do merely for infixing the codification into it. After that there is no demand for computing machine, the device will put through its maps on its ain ( What is data acquisition? 2014 ) .5.2.3 Electronic Control unitThe electronic control unit ( ECU ) controls the raise system, ignition system and velocity of the engine. It chiefly consists of microproc essors or microcontrollers, random entree memory ( RAM ) , read merely memory ( ROM ) and input end product devices. Based on the information from the input detectors, the ECU determines the end product of the electronics circuit. It is considered as the encephalon of the control system as its work is to take the signal and bring forth the automatically controlled signal required by the end product. Microcontroller serves both the bearing of informations acquisition and commanding the end products of the undertaking ( Vincent T, Ciulla 2002 ) .5.2.4 Output ActuatorIt is too known as end product device that converts the electrical signal into some physical end product. It receives the controlled signal from the electronic control unit in the signifier of electrical signal. It is the device which influences the procedure of the system physically and forces the device to bring forth the coveted end product. The actuator applicable to this undertaking is motor that is used to bespeak the end product of the system.This undertaking besides requires a control unit as the vehicle is automatically controlled in this system.5.3 Types of electronic controlThree types of electronic controls are used majorly in any system Figure 5.3 Types of Electronic ControlsComparison between various types of controls is granted in the following tabular array based upon their characteristics and public presentation. This comparing is drawn to find the vanquish suited type of control to be used in this undertaking.Table 5.1 Comparison between different types of controlsMicroprocessorMicrocontrollerProgrammable Logic ControlA microprocessor works as a Central Processing Unit of a general intent computing machine.It can be considered as micro computing machine as all the constituents are embedded on a individual bit.It is a specialised system designed to command the industrial procedures and machinery.I/O ports, memory, timers, interrupts, etc are non inbuilt so they are connected ext ernally.Microcontroller has all the excess peripherals like I/O ports, memory, timers, counters, interrupts, etc are built-in inside the bit merely.It has a programmable memory to hive away specialized maps like on/off control, timers, counters, arithmetic and informations handling. It has limited figure of inputs and end products.Microprocessors based systems are abundant and actually much expensive as it gives rattling high processing velocity.These are easy acquirable and are less bulky and much cheaper than microprocessors.PLCs are usage programmed for merely peculiar undertakings so their computer hardware is really dearly-won and need regular care.But its drawback is that it has really few pins that are programmable.Most of the pins of microcontroller are programmable.It is a programmable logic control and uses ladder logic for scheduling.It can merely care a few spots of instructions as it has really less built-in memory.It has inbuilt memory so it has many spots to man age instructions.It has really small memory which can manage few instructions.It is widely used in background knowledge computing machines and laptop, notepads, etc due to its high processing velocity.It has moderate processing velocity so it is widely used in little control systems, contraptions like oven, telecastings, etc.It is by and large used for industrial applications for automatic control of industrial machinery, procedure etc.Slightly big size due to excess peripherals and operates above 1Ghz.Small in size and operates from really few MHzs to 30-50 Mhz.Its size varies from little, medium to really big PLC panels.Examples of microprocessors are 8085, 8086, INTEL Pentium series, etc.Examples of microcontrollers are INTEL8051, PIC16f73, PIC16F877, etc.Examples of PLC are industrial control, industrial safety applications, etc.The research proletarian decided to utilize the microcontroller bit for the processing of detected signals because it is little in size, cheap and con sumes less power. It does non necessitate any external input/ end product ports, memory, timers or interrupts as it has all these characteristics inbuilt in its internal architecture. Higher integrating of microcontroller besides reduces the cost and size of the system which serves the basic demand of the user every bit good as the research worker. PLC based systems are really much expensive to be used for this intent ( Basics of microcontrollers 2011 ) .5.3.1 Choice of microcontroller for the undertakingAfter make up ones minding the microcontroller it is of import to make up ones mind which microcontroller should be used in this peculiar undertaking that can outdo suit the demands of the undertaking. For this intent a comparing between different types of microcontroller is drawn in the undermentioned tabular array.Table 5.2 Comparison of Different MicrocontrollersPropertiesPIC microcontrollerMicrocontroller 8051AVRDirection SetIt is based on RISC ( Reduced attention congeal cal culation ) . It has merely 35 set of instructions that makes its architecture easy to larn.It is based on complex instruction set computing ( Complex direction set calculation ) . It has a big figure of instructions about 250 instructions.It is besides based on RISC ( Reduced direction set calculation ) but it has big direction set i.e. non-orthogonal. It has about 140 instructions.Processing SpeedIt can treat 3 million instructions per second because in 1 machine rhythm of PIC, clock frequence is split by 4.It can treat 1 million instructions per second because in 1 machine rhythm of 8051, clock frequence is divided by 12.It can treat 12 million instructions per second because in 1 machine rhythm of AVR, clock frequence is divided by 1.ADCIts velocity of parallel to digital transition is really fast than AVRs.It does non hold inbuilt parallel to digital convertors like PIC and AVR.Its parallel to digital transition velocity is slower than PIC.Power ingestionIt has least power ing estion.It consumes the most power out of all the three microcontrollers.It consumer higher(prenominal) power than PIC microcontroller.ProgramingIt is really easy programmable IC as it really easy to code.Cryptography of microcontroller 8051 is besides easy.It has really complex cryptography for novices as compared to other two microcontrollers. storehouseIt has 8k brassy memory, 368?8 byte RAM.It has 256 byte internal RAM and 4k on-chip ROM.It has 8k byte blast memory, 1k byte RAM.Cost and AvailabilityIt is easy available in market and that excessively at low cost.It is besides low confused and easy available.It is dearly-won as compared to 8051 and PIC micro accountant and handiness is besides limited.As detectors are used in this undertaking so it is better to utilize a microcontroller with built-in ADC with fast transition velocity alternatively of utilizing separate ADC after every detection faculty. By maintaining this in head the research worker had studied the characteristi cs of assorted microcontrollers which can be used to implement the accident bar system and in the end reached to the decision of utilizing PIC ( Peripheral Interface Controller ) microcontroller.Researcher decided to utilize PIC16f73 is used in the undertaking due to its high parallel to digital transition. The pin architecture of PIC16f73 is given figure 5.4.5.4 computer architecture of PIC16f73 microcontrollerFigure 5.4 Architecture of microcontroller PIC16f73 ( Microchip 2002 )It is a 28 pin IC and the coveted undertaking can be made utilizing 28 pins with 3 input end product ports. It has 192 byte RAM ( Random door Memory ) and it is based on RISC architecture with merely 35 set of instructions. It has 8k brassy memory, 4k programmable memory and 368?8 byte RAM. It has 3 ports viz. port A, B and C. Port A consists of 5 parallel to digital channels for ADC transition. Assorted parametric quantities for choosing PIC16f73 microcontroller are listed below.PerformancePIC16f73 micro controller which will be used in the execution of this undertaking is a 28 pin IC with 3 input-output ports. It besides has 192 bytes of RAM ( Random Access Memory ) and is based on RISC ( Reduced Instruction Set Computation ) architecture for better public presentation of the Accident Prevention System. It has much faster transition velocity of parallel to digital transition than other accountants.Power ingestionA PIC controlled system has minimal power ingestion with good public presentation which is needed by the accident bar system. So this characteristic of PIC is really profitable for the system being developed as the system would work on minimum power without compromising the system public presentation.MemoryThe accident bar system utilizing intoxicant and oculus winking sensing can be done utilizing the built-in memory of PIC but still if the demand of memory of the system increases. PIC microcontroller besides has 4k programmable brassy memory and most of the PIC based sy stems are memory expansile and can spread out its memory as per use and type of application. To implement this system its built-in memory is adequate ( Bates Martin, 2011 ) .Therefore from this chapter, the control unit used for this undertaking is finalized. This chapter gives a brief overview of assorted control devices. Comparison between different control systems is drawn. The justification for taking a peculiar control unit is besides given. The short account of microcontroller used is besides given in this chapter.Now all the basic constituents to be used in the undertaking are decided. Therefore from the following chapter, design of circuitry and the system will be done. After that this system should be implemented and so tested.